Recommended Diet Types
For underweight horses, the goal is to increase calorie intake while ensuring balanced nutrition. The following diet types are recommended:
- Forage: High-quality hay (e.g., alfalfa, timothy) should form the base. Alfalfa is higher in protein and calories.
- Concentrates: Grains like oats, barley, or corn provide energy. Commercial feed formulations for weight gain are available.
- Fats: Vegetable oil (e.g., corn, soybean, rice bran) can be added to increase calorie density without overloading carbohydrates.
- Beet Pulp: Soaked beet pulp is a high-fiber, high-calorie supplement.
Portion Sizes and Daily Caloric Needs
Caloric needs depend on body weight, activity level, and metabolism. A maintenance horse needs about 15-20 Mcal/day per 1000 lb. For weight gain, increase by 25-50%. Calculate based on desired gain (0.5-1.0 lb/day = 3-5 Mcal extra daily).
| Body Weight (lb) | Maintenance (Mcal/day) | Weight Gain (Mcal/day) |
|---|---|---|
| 800 | 12-16 | 16-22 |
| 1000 | 15-20 | 20-28 |
| 1200 | 18-24 | 24-32 |
Feed concentrates at 0.5-1% of body weight per meal, divided into 2-3 meals. Hay at 1.5-2% of body weight daily.
Feeding Frequency and Schedule
Horses are grazing animals; frequent meals are essential. Feed at least 3-4 times daily: morning, noon, evening, and before bed. Provide constant access to hay or pasture. Consistent schedule prevents colic.
Essential Nutrients
- Protein: 10-14% for weight gain. Alfalfa hay or soybean meal supplement.
- Fat: 4-8% of diet; increase via oil for calories.
- Carbohydrates: From grains and forage for energy.
- Vitamins: A, D, E (especially if hay-fed). Supplement if needed.
- Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium. Balanced ratio is critical.
Toxic or Harmful Foods and Ingredients
Some foods are dangerous: moldy hay (respiratory issues), avocado (persin), chocolate (theobromine), onion/garlic (anemia), caffeine (stimulant). Avoid high starch overload (colic). Never feed lawn clippings (fermentation).
Water Intake Recommendations
Horses need 5-10 gallons (20-40 liters) daily, more in heat or work. Provide clean, fresh water at all times. Dehydration reduces feed intake and health.
Potentially Beneficial Supplements
- Probiotics: Improve digestion and absorption.
- Enzymes: Aid in breaking down feeds.
- Vitamin E and Selenium: Antioxidant support.
- Joint Supplements: Glucosamine, chondroitin if arthritic.
- Electrolytes: For horses in heavy work or hot weather.
Feeding Differences for Young, Adult, and Senior Horses
Young horses (under 2 years): Need higher protein (14-16%) for growth. Limit starch to prevent developmental issues. Provide balanced minerals.
Adult horses (2-15 years): Maintenance or working needs. Increase calories for weight gain with caution to avoid obesity.
Senior horses (>15 years): May have dental issues, reduced digestion. Provide easier-to-chew feeds (soaked hay cubes, beet pulp, senior feeds). Add fat for calories. Monitor for metabolic disorders.
Signs of Healthy vs. Poor Diet
Healthy: Shiny coat, good body condition (BCS 5-6), bright eyes, normal manure, good energy levels, healthy hooves.
Poor: Dull coat, weight loss or gain, sunken eyes, lethargy, gassy manure, poor hoof quality, frequent illness. Check for deficiencies: dry skin (vitamin A), fragile bones (calcium/phosphorus), anemia (iron).
Always consult a veterinarian for a tailored plan.