Origin and History
The Icelandic horse is a breed of horse developed in Iceland. Its ancestors were brought to the island by Norse settlers in the 9th and 10th centuries. Due to strict laws preventing importation of horses since the Middle Ages, the breed has remained pure and isolated for over 1,000 years. This has resulted in a hardy, adaptable horse that is well-suited to harsh climates and rough terrain.
Physical Characteristics
Icelandic horses are small, often pony-sized, but are classified as horses. They typically stand 13 to 14 hands high (52–56 inches at the withers) and weigh between 700 and 900 pounds. Their coats are thick and double-layered: a short, dense undercoat for warmth and a longer, coarse outer coat for waterproofing. This allows them to withstand extreme cold.
They come in a wide variety of colors, including chestnut, bay, black, palomino, pinto, and many others. Over 100 color variations are recognized. A distinctive feature is their long, thick mane and tail, which often have a wavy texture. Their heads are well-proportioned, with a straight profile and large, expressive eyes.
One of the most remarkable traits of the Icelandic horse is its unique gaits. In addition to the walk, trot, and canter/gallop, they possess two additional gaits: the tölt (a four-beat lateral gait that is smooth and ground-covering) and the flying pace (a two-beat lateral gait used for racing). Not all horses perform the flying pace, but tölt is natural for the breed.
Temperament and Behavior
Icelandic horses are known for their friendly, gentle, and willing temperament. They are intelligent, curious, and often form strong bonds with their owners. Due to their history of living in harsh environments, they are hardy, resilient, and have a strong survival instinct. They are generally easy to handle and train, making them suitable for riders of all levels, including children and beginners. However, they can be stubborn at times and require consistent, patient training.
They are social animals that thrive in herds. Isolation can lead to stress and behavioral issues. They are also known for their energetic and spirited nature, especially when excited.
Ideal Owner and Living Environment
The Icelandic horse is versatile and can adapt to various living situations, but they are best suited for owners who can provide outdoor space and proper care.
- Families with children: Their gentle and calm demeanor makes them excellent family horses. They are patient with children and can be used for riding and driving.
- Apartment dwellers: Not suitable. They require pasture or a stable with turnout. An apartment is not appropriate for any horse.
- First-time owners: A great choice for beginners due to their easygoing nature and trainability. However, first-time owners should seek guidance from experienced horse people, especially for training and health care.
Exercise and Mental Stimulation
Icelandic horses have moderate to high energy levels. They need regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. Daily turnout in a pasture is ideal. Riding sessions should include varied work such as trail riding, arena work, and practice of their unique gaits. They excel in endurance riding and driving.
Mental stimulation is important. Provide toys, varied riding routes, and training exercises that challenge their minds. Boredom can lead to vices like cribbing or weaving.
Grooming Requirements
Their thick coat requires regular grooming to maintain health and appearance.
- Brush: At least two to three times a week with a curry comb and stiff brush to remove dirt and loose hair. During shedding season (spring and fall), daily grooming is needed.
- Mane and Tail: These should be brushed gently to prevent tangles. Use a detangling spray if necessary.
- Hooves: Clean daily and inspect for issues. Trim every six to eight weeks by a farrier.
- Bathing: Not typically needed; they keep themselves clean. Excessive bathing can strip natural oils.
- Special Note: Their double coat does not require clipping for winter, but clipping may be done for showing or to help with cooling in summer.
Common Health Issues and Lifespan
Icelandic horses are generally healthy and long-lived, with an average lifespan of 25–30 years. Some can live into their 40s. Common health concerns include:
- Summer eczema: An allergic reaction to insect bites, causing itching and hair loss. Manage with fly sheets and repellents.
- Laminitis: Inflammation of the hoof laminae, often due to diet or overfeeding. Avoid rich pasture and high-sugar feeds.
- Sweet itch: Another hypersensitivity to insects.
- Obesity: Easy keepers can become overweight; monitor diet and exercise.
- Sinus cysts or teeth issues: Regular dental check-ups essential.
- Genetic disorders: Rare, but some lines have susceptibility to certain conditions like myxedema.
Vaccinations and deworming should follow a schedule recommended by a veterinarian.
Monthly Care Cost Estimate
Costs vary by region and facility. Below is an estimate in US dollars per horse per month:
| Expense Category | Estimated Monthly Cost |
|---|---|
| Feed (hay + grain) | $150 – $300 |
| Boarding/Pasture rent | $200 – $600 |
| Farrier (every 6-8 weeks) | $30 – $80 (average monthly $15–$40) |
| Veterinary (routine + wellness) | $20 – $50 |
| Supplements & treats | $10 – $30 |
| Bedding (if stabled) | $30 – $60 |
| Miscellaneous (tack, gear, lessons) | $20 – $100 |
| Total | $445 – $1,260 |
Note: Purchase price for an Icelandic horse ranges from $5,000 to $20,000 or more, depending on training, pedigree, and age.